Under the Dutch, sugar production expanded through the nineteenth century, at the expense of rice paddy cultivation. This meant increasing profits for the Dutch colonial settlers and the administration and decreasing food availability for the native inhabitants of the East Indies
Sugar field and rail operation in Situbondo, East Java (These two images are of restored, steam engines that were typically used in sugar operations.) Photo source.
Sugar field and rail operation in Situbondo, East Java (These two images are of restored, steam engines that were typically used in sugar operations.) Photo source.
Sugar factory in Pasuruan (probably early twentieth century)
